Flexible Job Shop Manufacturing: Cutting Costs and Reducing Risk for Custom Aggregate Projects
- TheFitProfessional1
- Jun 13
- 19 min read
By Paul T. Ayres
Executive Summary: As part of its broader focus on strategic operations across industries, thefitprofessional1 presents a simulated example from outside its usual service sector. In this particular case, we explore the complex world of custom non-metallic aggregate manufacturing to highlight how flexibility in high-variation production environments creates business value.
A flexible job shop manufacturing model – producing custom non-metallic aggregates like sand, gravel, filtration media, sports turf infill, epoxy overlay aggregates, and specialty materials – offers significant benefits to customers in terms of cost minimization and risk reduction. This report, tailored for a global supplier operating in the Americas, details five key reasons why this flexible, high-variation production approach delivers value for project-specific orders in environmental, transportation, construction, industrial, energy, and aerospace sectors. Each reason is supported by authoritative sources and linked to cost control, risk mitigation, inventory optimization, schedule resilience, and technical performance alignment. A case study simulating a contractor’s real-world project challenges is provided (in the water/energy/industrial building domain) to illustrate how flexibility in aggregate manufacturing leads to higher profit margins through faster execution and reduced waste.
It’s a longer letter than my usual newsletter. For the time-crunched professional, go to the conclusion, and read the five reasons this approach saves money for the customer and makes you more profitable. You might then find the section you find most intriguing and read the details there. Also, if you scan and catch the tables, you’ll get a good chunk of the article in a hurry. Enjoy!
Introduction: Custom Manufacturing for High-Precision Aggregates
Custom aggregate products often must meet exacting specifications for each project. Unlike traditional mass production, a flexible job shop manufacturing model focuses on make-to-order, highly customizable production, meaning the plant is organized into work centers that can handle varied tasks and small batches efficiently. This flexibility enables the supplier to produce aggregates to unique size gradations, compositions, and performance requirements for each job. In contrast to a fixed, high-volume production line (make-to-stock) that relies on forecasts and large inventory, the flexible job shop runs on real-time orders and agility. Customers benefit through lower waste, more precise products, and a resilient supply chain, as detailed in the sections below.
The following five sections each explain a major advantage of flexible job shop manufacturing for custom aggregates and how it minimizes costs and reduces project risks for customers. After exploring these benefits – ranging from eliminating wasteful expenses to ensuring on-schedule delivery – a case study is presented to demonstrate how a contractor leveraged these advantages to improve their profit margin.
1. Cost Control through Waste Reduction and Efficient Production
One of the most impactful benefits of a flexible job shop model is cost control via waste elimination and process efficiency. By producing aggregates only as orders are received (a pull-based make-to-order strategy), the manufacturer avoids overproduction and excess processing that do not add value. This lean approach directly cuts costs that would otherwise be passed to the customer. According to lean manufacturing principles, any activity or material beyond what is needed for the customer’s requirements is “waste” – whether it be extra inventory, unnecessary handling, or rework. A flexible custom-production system is adept at minimizing these wastes by tailoring each run to the project specs and quantity, thereby lowering the cost of goods sold.
Notably, partnering with a manufacturer skilled in lean, flexible production can yield tangible cost savings for customers. Efficient, on-demand processes ensure there is no idle stock tying up capital, and machines are quickly reconfigured for the next custom job rather than sitting idle. This results in more competitive pricing for clients because the supplier isn’t burdened by the high overhead of unsold product. A Six Sigma industry analysis reports that with flexible manufacturing, companies see higher machine utilization and shorter production cycles, translating into greater productivity and lower unit costs. In short, the customer pays only for what they need, when they need it, and not for the inefficiencies of mass production.
Custom manufacturing also prevents costly errors and rework by ensuring the product is made right the first time to the required spec. Standardized mass products might require additional processing on-site or lead to material mismatch, whereas a custom aggregate arrives ready to use. This “do it right the first time” philosophy improves first-pass yield and avoids the expenses of sorting out-of-spec material. As a McKinsey report on mass customization observes, modern flexible production systems allow a variety of products “with little loss of efficiency,” enabling companies to reduce waste through on-demand production while controlling costs. Customers ultimately benefit through lower project costs, since they aren’t overpaying for surplus material or inefficiencies in the supply chain.
To summarize, cost control in a flexible job shop environment comes from multiple fronts: elimination of overproduction waste, higher efficiency per machine (spreading fixed costs over more output), avoidance of multi-supplier markups, and reduced error rates. Epicor’s manufacturing guide notes that make-to-order models yield “reduced waste, improved quality control, and increased production flexibility” compared to traditional methods – all of which contribute to cost savings. By receiving precisely engineered aggregates that meet the project’s requirements without excess, customers can significantly cut material waste and unnecessary expenditures. The next section will explore how this approach simultaneously mitigates various project risks.
2. Risk Mitigation via Agility and Integrated Supply Chain
In complex construction and industrial projects, supply risks – such as delays, spec changes, or quality issues – can wreak havoc on schedules and budgets.
A flexible job shop manufacturing model inherently provides agility and integration that mitigate these risks for the customer. Because all production steps (from raw material processing to final packaging) are under one roof and under one cohesive schedule, the chances of miscommunication or coordination failure are greatly reduced. In effect, the custom aggregate supplier acts as a single accountable source, eliminating the finger-pointing that can happen when multiple suppliers are involved. This integrated approach streamlines logistics and ensures that if a hiccup occurs, it can be corrected internally without derailing the project.
One major risk mitigator is the ability to adapt to changing requirements. Projects often face design modifications or unforeseen conditions (e.g., a change in specified aggregate gradation for a filter bed mid-project). In a rigid supply model, such changes might require sourcing a new material from scratch or incurring long delays. But with a flexible manufacturing setup, the supplier can confidently adjust to changes on the fly, modifying the production parameters or switching to a different aggregate blend with minimal disruption. All steps being in-house means engineers and operators can rapidly tweak the process to produce a new spec material next, without the customer having to wait weeks for an outside vendor. This nimble response capability greatly reduces the risk of project delays due to evolving needs.
Quality and consistency risks are also mitigated. When many suppliers provide various components (for example, one quarry for sand, another processor for coating), “discrepancies…lead to low-quality output” and can cause costly rework or even legal issues. By contrast, a custom aggregate manufacturer delivers a finished product meeting the agreed specification, with rigorous quality control throughout production. This reduces the likelihood of the material failing to perform as expected (e.g., concrete aggregate not achieving the required strength or filtration media not meeting purity standards). In fact, custom manufacturing is often associated with higher first-pass quality and lower defect rates, because the process is tuned to the specific product each time. The supplier’s dedicated quality checks on each batch mean the customer can trust that the delivered aggregate will function as intended, avoiding risks of construction failures or having to scramble for replacements.
Finally, supply chain disruption risk is minimized. Traditional construction supply chains hold buffer stock “just in case” of delays, or else suffer when a supplier misses a delivery. A flexible job shop uses a “just-in-time” ethos, which might seem risky at first, but it’s supported by robust planning and often multiple redundant capabilities in the facility (e.g., several work centers can perform the same operation). This means if one machine goes down, another can pick up the job, adding resilience. Additionally, the close coordination in-house shortens lead times – there are fewer handoffs where things can go wrong. In the COVID-19 era, we saw how inflexible global supply chains led to project delays and cost overruns when any link broke. In contrast, a flexible local supplier can pivot and resequence production to meet project deadlines even amid external volatility. Overall, by reducing complexity and increasing responsiveness, the flexible model substantially lowers the risk profile for the customer’s project materials.
3. Inventory Optimization and Just-in-Time Delivery
Another clear advantage for customers is inventory optimization – essentially, not having to buy or store more material than necessary. In project-specific aggregate orders, if a supplier requires bulk minimum orders or produces generic stock, the customer might end up with unused leftovers (tying up money and yard space). The flexible job shop model aligns with Just-in-Time (JIT) principles to provide “only what is needed, when it is needed”. This eliminates the need for customers (or the supplier) to hold large inventories of aggregates “just in case,” thereby minimizing inventory carrying costs and waste.
For the manufacturer, making to order means they do not maintain a big finished goods inventory, which is “not a productive approach” in a job shop context. This saves on warehousing, avoids material obsolescence or degradation (a concern for specialty aggregates that might have a shelf life or could be contaminated over time), and frees up working capital. These savings are passed to the customer in the form of lower prices and on-demand availability. For the customer, JIT delivery of aggregates means they receive materials right before they are needed on-site, avoiding piles of materials sitting around. This has practical safety and cost benefits: less site congestion and no risk of spoilage (for instance, certain coated sands or moisture-sensitive materials retain quality when delivered fresh, rather than stored for months). As one ERP expert puts it, make-to-order production “allows manufacturers to eliminate excess...inventory…from the operation,” focusing resources only on actual demand.
Inventory optimization also plays into risk reduction: if project specifications change or quantities get revised, there isn’t a large surplus of wrong-spec material that goes to waste. The flexible supplier produces in small batches timed with project phases, so the order can be adjusted between batches if needed. This way, the contractor isn’t stuck with, say, 100 tons of aggregate that no longer meet the revised spec. Traditional bulk supply might force such a situation, leading to sunk costs. By lowering the risk of excess inventory, the flexible model also reduces the environmental footprint – unused aggregate isn’t dumped or transported needlessly. In modern sustainable construction management, this is a significant plus.
From a financial perspective, carrying inventory has an opportunity cost. Money spent upfront on materials that will only be used later (or not at all) is money not available for other project needs. Additionally, stored materials might incur security and insurance costs, and in some cases, can pose hazards.
Customers leveraging a flexible aggregate supplier experience this benefit: they pay for material as it is produced and needed, improving their cash flow management on the project. In summary, the flexible job shop approach aligns supply exactly with demand. It optimizes inventory to near-zero excess, translating to cost savings (no paying for what you don’t use) and lower risk of having the wrong materials. This just-in-time, on-demand delivery is a hallmark of lean project execution and a key reason customers prefer flexible suppliers for high-precision aggregates.
4. Project Schedule Resilience through Manufacturing Agility
Time is money in any construction or industrial project. Delays in material delivery can idle crews and equipment, leading to cost overruns and contractual penalties.
A flexible job shop manufacturing model enhances project schedule resilience by being highly agile in production scheduling and capable of meeting tight or changing timelines. Because the production is order-driven and not locked into long fixed runs, the supplier can often accelerate or re-sequence production to align with the project’s schedule needs. For example, if a contractor suddenly needs an earlier delivery of a certain aggregate batch due to a schedule reconfiguration on-site, a flexible facility can accommodate that by reallocating resources (e.g., adding a second shift or prioritizing that job in the queue). This is far more difficult in a rigid production line setup that might be booked out weeks in advance with mass batches.
Another aspect of schedule resilience is adaptability to change orders. Projects rarely run exactly as planned – a pour might get moved up, or weather might delay an activity, pushing material needs to a later date. A traditional supplier with inflexible processes might not be able to adjust, causing either a surplus (if they have already produced too early) or a shortage (if they cannot deliver earlier). In contrast, a flexible job shop thrives on adaptation. As noted earlier, having everything under one roof means “adapting to unexpected changes...to keep a project on schedule is significantly easier when everything is made under the same roof.” The production control team can quickly shift timelines for in-process jobs. This agility acts as a buffer against project delays – essentially providing a form of insurance that if the project timeline shifts, the material supply can shift with it, maintaining alignment.
Furthermore, shorter lead times are a key benefit of flexible manufacturing. Since the system is optimized for low setup time and efficient changeovers, the lead time from order to delivery is minimized. Customers don’t need to place orders months in advance “just in case.” Instead, they can rely on a relatively quick turnaround. This means if a schedule gets compressed or an opportunity arises to finish a project phase early, the material can be provided without a long delay. The overall project schedule becomes more robust to slippages because the supply side is responsive. Studies in production planning have emphasized that flexible scheduling can improve on-time delivery rates by allowing real-time adjustments to production sequences.
Additionally, having a single specialized supplier for the custom aggregates reduces the risk of coordination delays. In a multi-supplier scenario, one late truck can hold up an entire chain of work. Here, one supplier manages the timeline and can plan logistics optimally for the project’s needs, often delivering in sync with installation schedules. Reliable delivery is further enhanced by the fact that a flexible manufacturer often works closely with the customer’s project managers to plan out deliveries in phases, and can update the plan as needed. Vantage Plastics, for instance, notes that efficient processes “ensure quicker turnaround times and more reliable delivery schedules, enabling better planning and execution” for customers. This reliability means contractors can build buffer-less schedules with confidence, thereby reducing the typical padding of time (which costs money) that is added to account for supplier uncertainty.
In summary, the flexible job shop model gives customers a more controllable and resilient schedule. By virtue of rapid response to change, shortened lead times, and integrated scheduling, it mitigates the risk of delays. Projects benefit from on-time or even accelerated completion, which can save significant costs (avoiding liquidated damages, enabling earlier facility use, etc.). The final section below ties these advantages into ensuring the technical success of the project through aligned product performance.
5. Technical Performance Alignment and Quality Assurance
In specialized applications – from environmental filtration systems to aerospace components – the performance of the aggregate material is critical. Using a flexible manufacturing approach allows for precise alignment of the product’s technical properties with the project requirements, which in turn reduces the risk of performance shortfalls and costly remedial measures. Each batch of custom aggregate can be engineered in terms of particle size distribution, shape, hardness, cleanliness, and even chemical properties (such as pH or conductivity) to exactly meet the specifications set by the project engineers. This level of customization ensures that the material will integrate seamlessly into the project’s design and perform as expected, whether it’s ensuring a water filtration bed meets flow rates or an epoxy overlay has the needed skid resistance.
When customers get exactly what they need, there’s no need to compromise on design or over-engineer other aspects to accommodate suboptimal materials. For instance, if only a standard aggregate were available, an engineer might have to change a mix design (potentially adding more cement or additional layers) to achieve a required strength or permeability, which adds cost and complexity. With custom aggregates, the material’s performance is assured by design, aligning with what the project demands from the outset. This reduces the risk of failures or the need for late-stage changes. As one industry source highlights, customer-specific customization leads to higher satisfaction because the product meets their specific needs. In practical terms, a contractor can trust that a custom-blended infill for sports turf will provide the right impact absorption, or that a specialty gravel for an energy facility’s ground grid has the exact electrical conductivity required – thereby avoiding performance risks that might not be evident until testing or operation.
Quality assurance is a cornerstone of flexible job shop production. Because batches are smaller and made to spec, there is intense focus on getting each batch right. Manufacturers often implement real-time quality monitoring and adjustments for each run. This contrasts with generic material suppliers who might operate on broader quality tolerances (since they produce for a general market). With custom production, tolerances can be tighter and quality control more rigorous, giving customers confidence in consistency. It’s common for custom aggregate suppliers to provide detailed quality reports with each shipment (e.g., sieve analyses, chemical composition results) to certify that the material meets the agreed criteria. Such documentation and proven performance reduce the risk for the customer in terms of compliance and durability. There’s less likelihood of having to halt a project because a delivered material fails to meet a spec – a scenario that can be extremely costly if it causes rework or regulatory issues.
Moreover, technical support is often part of the package. A flexible supplier typically works closely with the client’s technical team during the order process, ensuring mutual understanding of performance needs. If any issues arise in the field, the supplier can quickly tweak the formula for subsequent deliveries. This partnership approach – made possible by the custom nature of the work – means the product’s performance is continuously aligned to the project’s goals. In essence, the supplier becomes a collaborator in the project’s success, not just a vendor. Custom manufacturing thus supports “delivering high-quality products and superior customer service”, which keeps projects on track and performing.
To illustrate, consider a scenario in the aerospace sector: an aggregate used in a composite material for an aircraft component must be extremely consistent in size and free of impurities. A flexible job shop can guarantee that consistency for each batch of production, whereas a standard aggregate might have variation that could jeopardize the composite’s integrity. By removing uncertainty in material performance, the custom supplier helps mitigate technical risk, giving engineers and contractors peace of mind. This directly correlates to cost savings as well – when the material performs as intended, there are no surprise expenses from failures, downtime, or having to source alternatives. As Vantage Plastics notes, lean custom production ensures companies “deliver products that meet or exceed customer expectations”, thereby increasing satisfaction and trust. High technical performance alignment means the project can proceed without interruptions or safety factors that inflate cost due to material doubts.
Real-World Example: Contractor Increases Profit with Flexible Custom Aggregates
To see how these advantages play out in practice, consider the case of Midwest Water & Energy Builders, an example fictitious contractor specializing in water treatment facilities and industrial energy infrastructure. They secured a project to construct a new wastewater treatment plant that also featured an energy recovery system (biogas generation) – an endeavor straddling the water, energy, and industrial building sectors. This complex project required various specialized aggregate materials: a custom-graded filtration sand for water treatment beds, a unique porous gravel for effluent drainage, and an epoxy overlay aggregate for the plant’s high-traffic loading bays. Initially, the contractor planned to source these materials in a conventional way – standard products from different suppliers – but they faced challenges in meeting the exacting specifications and timeline.
Challenge: During execution, the project’s design team implemented a change in the filtration system to improve performance: they tightened the specification on the filtration media’s particle size distribution and added an additional layer of activated carbon granules above the sand. This late change threatened to derail the schedule – the originally sourced sand no longer met the new spec (too broad a gradation), and the contractor had not yet found a supplier for the carbon granules that could deliver within the project timeline. The prospect of delays loomed, which could incur penalties and extra costs. Additionally, the contractor worried about waste – they had already received an initial shipment of the old-spec sand, which might now go unused, cutting into their profit if it couldn’t be returned or repurposed.
Solution: The contractor turned to a flexible job shop aggregate supplier (our hypothetical custom manufacturing factory) to solve both problems. Because our factory could produce high-precision custom aggregates on demand, we worked closely with the contractor and engineers to formulate a new filtration media solution. We adjusted the sand production to meet the tighter gradation (essentially re-calibrating our screens and blending process) and even reprocessed a portion of the already-delivered sand to save it from going to waste – screening it finer to fall within the new spec. Simultaneously, our team utilized another work center in the facility to produce the activated carbon granule layer to the required size. Although we hadn’t originally been slated to provide that material, our flexible setup and broad expertise in non-metallic mineral processing allowed us to pivot and incorporate the new component quickly. We coordinated the production such that within a few weeks, the contractor had all the revised materials in hand, just in time to keep the filtration system installation on schedule.
Outcome: By leveraging the flexible manufacturing model, Midwest Water & Energy Builders avoided a significant delay that would have pushed the project completion into the next season. Staying on schedule meant they did not incur the heavy late penalties in their contract (which were $10,000 per day). In fact, they managed to finish slightly ahead of the original schedule, earning a small early completion bonus. Moreover, the ability to reprocess and adjust the already purchased sand saved them money – instead of scrapping 50 tons of out-of-spec sand (at a loss of roughly $20,000), they only had to add a minor cost for our reprocessing service, preserving most of that value. The custom-produced activated carbon granules, while slightly more expensive per unit than an off-the-shelf product, came with guaranteed quality and on-time delivery, which meant the installation crew could work continuously without interruption. The net effect on the contractor’s bottom line was substantial: our flexible supply solution was estimated to have improved their profit on the project by 5-7%. This came from a combination of avoided delay costs, reduced waste expense, and efficient labor utilization (workers were not idled waiting on materials).
Beyond the immediate financial upsides, the contractor also noticed qualitative benefits that will pay off in future projects. The plant’s commissioning went smoothly with zero issues related to the aggregate materials – the filtration beds met the performance targets in the first test cycle, and the epoxy overlay in the loading bays passed all friction and durability tests on the first go. The project became a showcase for them, demonstrating to future clients their ability to deliver high-quality results on time. They attributed a part of this success to choosing a flexible, responsive supplier. In debrief, the contractor’s project manager noted that having a partner who “could roll with the changes and actually turn a potential problem into a win” was invaluable. The trust built in this relationship means that for their next projects – whether a drinking water plant or a renewable energy facility – they plan to engage the custom aggregate factory from day one, confident that product customization and agility will safeguard their project’s budget and timeline.
Conclusion
In today’s construction and industrial projects, where customization and precision are increasingly demanded, a flexible job shop manufacturing model for aggregates is a game-changer for customers.
This report outlined five key reasons such a model reduces costs and risks:
It eliminates waste and inefficiencies, directly controlling costs.
It mitigates risks through agility and integrated supply, preventing delays and quality issues.
It optimizes inventory so that clients are not burdened by excess materials or tied-up capital.
It enhances schedule resilience by responding swiftly to project timeline changes.
It aligns products exactly with technical performance requirements, ensuring the project’s success.
Each of these advantages is rooted in the ability to customize and adapt – delivering the right product at the right time in the right quantity.
For a global aggregates supplier, adopting this flexible manufacturing approach builds strong partnerships with clients. Customers – such as contractors in environmental, transportation, energy, or aerospace sectors – derive tangible value: lower total project costs, fewer surprises and disruptions, and materials that give them confidence in meeting project goals. The example of Midwest Water & Energy Builders illustrated how, in practice, these benefits translate into real dollars saved and profits protected. By avoiding delays and waste and by achieving first-time-right construction quality, the contractor increased their margin and delivered a successful project to their client.
In essence, the flexible job shop model turns the supply of custom aggregates from a potential source of risk into a competitive advantage for the customer. It embodies the principles of lean, agile manufacturing tailored to high-mix, low-volume production – exactly what complex projects need in the 21st century. As projects continue to demand specialized materials and face dynamic conditions, the partnership between clients and flexible manufacturers will be a cornerstone of delivering infrastructure and facilities on budget and on schedule. Investing in flexible aggregate manufacturing is investing in peace of mind for project delivery – minimizing cost overruns and mitigating risks every step of the way.
Paul T. Ayres
Business, Executive, Leadership & Life Coach
Email: paul@thefitprofessional1.com
Website: www.thefitprofessional1.com
Connect with me on socials!
Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/fitpro1coach/
Bibliography
Ayres, Paul T. THEFITPROFESSIONAL1, LLC. Based on Purdue BSIE, Harvard Business School, MIT, Kellogg School of Management, and SUNY Binghamton studies and my 42 years of applying these principles in operation of businesses.
Hansen, Christine. Custom & Make-to-Order Manufacturing (MTO) – Guide to the Pros and Cons. Epicor Blog (Industries), Jun 27, 2023. – Discusses advantages of make-to-order manufacturing like increased customer satisfaction, reduced waste, improved quality control, and flexibility.
Duong, Uyen. What is Make-to-Order (MTO)? How to Implement it in the SotaERP System. Sota Solutions Blog, May 2, 2024. – Explains make-to-order strategy allowing manufacturers to eliminate excess costs and inventory, reducing carrying costs and excess inventory risk.
Aultman, George. Benefits of Lean Manufacturing: Reducing Costs and Enhancing Product Quality. Vantage Plastics News & Updates, Jun 17, 2024. – Describes how lean manufacturing minimizes waste and costs, resulting in competitive pricing, reliable delivery schedules, and high quality for customers.
Custom Manufacturing & Engineering, Inc. Why “Custom Costs More” Is a Myth in Manufacturing. CME Company Blog, Apr 11, 2017. – Argues that custom manufacturing can save money and reduce risk by streamlining the supply chain. Notes that turn-key custom production mitigates delays and quality issues by keeping everything under one roof.
Six Sigma US (SixSigma.us). How Flexible Manufacturing System (FMS) is Changing Production. SixSigma.us Industry Article, 2024. – Provides an expert overview of flexible manufacturing systems, listing benefits such as reduced setup times, enhanced flexibility, improved quality control, and optimized inventory management.
Gandhi, Anshuk; Magar, Carmen; Roberts, Roger. How Technology Can Drive the Next Wave of Mass Customization. McKinsey on Business Technology, No. 32, Winter 2013. – A McKinsey report noting that mass customization can increase revenue and reduce waste through on-demand production, highlighting the importance of flexible production systems in controlling costs.
ECI Solutions. Job Shop vs. Production Manufacturing: Key Differences. ECI Manufacturing Blog, 2021. – Explains that job shops are mostly make-to-order with complex workflows and do not hold stock as a productive approach, versus make-to-stock production which carries more inventory.
Bright, Jeffrey C. Management of Supply Chain Risk: Keeping Your Project on Time and Budget. The Construction Lawyer, Winter 2025 (ABA Forum on Construction Law). – An article examining supply chain disruptions in construction. (Provides context on how flexible strategies in contracts and materials can mitigate delays; not directly quoted above, but background on risk.)
PlanetTogether APS. Advantages and Disadvantages of Make to Order. PlanetTogether Blog, 2020. – (Referenced conceptually: notes that MTO can eliminate excess material and inventory from operations, helping items be produced only as needed).
Epicor Software Corp. Custom Manufacturing: A Detailed Guide to Its Processes, Benefits... Epicor Whitepaper, 2023. – (General reference on custom manufacturing benefits, reinforcing increased customer satisfaction, and how modern ERP supports flexibility).
Comentários